Oracle Buffer Cache 原理

一. 官网说明

Memory Architecture

http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28318/memory.htm#i10221

The database buffer cache is the portion of the SGA that holds copies of data blocks read from datafiles. All users concurrently connected to the instance share access to the database buffer cache.

This section includes the following topics:

（1）Organization of the Database Buffer Cache

The buffers in the cache are organized in two lists: the write list and the least recently used (LRU) list. The write list holds dirty buffers, which contain data that has been modified but has not yet been written to disk. The LRU list holds free buffers, pinned buffers, and dirty buffers that have not yet been moved to the write list. Free buffers do not contain any useful data and are available for use. Pinned buffers are currently being accessed.

When an Oracle Database process accesses a buffer, the process moves the buffer to the most recently used (MRU) end of the LRU list. As more buffers are continually moved to the MRU end of the LRU list, dirty buffers age toward the LRU end of the LRU list.

The first time an Oracle Database user process requires a particular piece of data, it searches for the data in the database buffer cache. If the process finds the data already in the cache (a cache hit), it can read the data directly from memory. If the process cannot find the data in the cache (a cache miss), it must copy the data block from a datafile on disk into a buffer in the cache before accessing the data. Accessing data through a cache hit is faster than data access through a cache miss.

Before reading a data block into the cache, the process must first find a free buffer. The process searches the LRU list, starting at the least recently used end of the list. The process searches either until it finds a free buffer or until it has searched the threshold limit of buffers.

If the user process finds a dirty buffer as it searches the LRU list, it moves that buffer to the write list and continues to search. When the process finds a free buffer, it reads the data block from disk into the buffer and moves the buffer to the MRU end of the LRU list.

If an Oracle Database user process searches the threshold limit of buffers without finding a free buffer, the process stops searching the LRU list and signals the DBW0 background process to write some of the dirty buffers to disk.

（2）The LRU Algorithm and Full Table Scans

When the user process is performing a full table scan, it reads the blocks of the table into buffers and puts them on the LRU end (instead of the MRU end) of the LRU list. This is because a fully scanned table usually is needed only briefly, so the blocks should be moved out quickly to leave more frequently used blocks in the cache.

You can control this default behavior of blocks involved in table scans on a table-by-table basis. To specify that blocks of the table are to be placed at the MRU end of the list during a full table scan, use the CACHE clause when creating or altering a table or cluster. You can specify this behavior for small lookup tables or large static historical tables to avoid I/O on subsequent accesses of the table.

二. Buffer Cache 说明

Oracle 内存 架构 详解

http://blog.csdn.net/tianlesoftware/archive/2010/05/15/5594080.aspx

Oracle Shared pool 详解

http://blog.csdn.net/tianlesoftware/archive/2011/06/22/6560956.aspx

根据如下blog，整理了一下：

http://blog.csdn.net/robinson1988/archive/2010/11/02/5982996.aspx

http://www.adp-gmbh.ch/ora/misc/dynamic_performance_views.html#bh

buffer cache is to minimize physical io. When a block is read by Oracle, it places this block into the buffer cache, because there is a chance that this block is needed again. Reading a block from the buffer cache is less costly (in terms of time) than reading it from the disk.

2.1 MRU and LRU blocks

Blocks within the buffer cache are ordered from MRU (most recently used) blocks to LRU (least recently used) blocks. Whenever a block is accessed, the block goes to the MRU end of the list, thereby shifting the other blocks down towards the LRU end. When a block is read from disk and when there is no buffer available in the db buffer cache, one block in the buffer cache has to "leave". It will be the block on the LRU end in the list.

However, blocks read during a full table (multi block reads are placed on the LRU side of the list instead of on the MRU side.

The v$bh dynamic view has an entry for each block in the buffer cache. The time a block has been touched most recently is recorded in tim of x$bh

2.2 Touch count

Each buffer has an associated touch count. This touch count might be increased if a buffer is accessed (although it needs not always be). It is valid to claim that the higher the touch count, the more important (more used) the buffer. Therefore, buffers with a high touch count should stay in the buffer cache while buffers with a low touch count should age out in order to make room for other buffers.

A touch time can only be increased once within a time period controlled by the parameter _db_aging_touch_time (default: 3 seconds).

The touch count is recorded in the tch column of x$bh.

By the way, it looks like Oracle doesn't protect manipulations of the touch count in a buffer with a latch. This is interesting because all other manipulations on the LRU list are protected by latches. A side effect of the lack of latch-protection is that the touch count is not incremented if another process updates the buffer header.

2.3 x$bh

Information on buffer headers. Contains a record (the buffer header) for each block in the buffer cache.

This select statement lists how many blocks are Available, Free and Being Used.

/* Formatted on 2011/6/28 14:34:08 (QP5 v5.163.1008.3004) */

SELECT COUNT (*), State

FROM (SELECT DECODE (state,

0, 'Free',

1, DECODE (lrba_seq, 0, 'Available', 'Being Used'),

3, 'Being Used',

state)

State

FROM x$bh)

GROUP BY state

有关x$bh 的几个字段说明

（1）state:

0	FREE	no valid block image
1	XCUR	a current mode block, exclusive to this instance
2	SCUR	a current mode block, shared with other instances
3	CR	a consistent read (stale) block image
4	READ	buffer is reserved for a block being read from disk
5	MREC	a block in media recovery mode
6	IREC	a block in instance (crash) recovery mode

（2）tch:

tch is the touch count. A high touch count indicates that the buffer is used often. Therefore, it will probably be at the head of the MRU list.

（3）tim: touch time.

（4）class： represents a value designated for the use of the block.

（5）lru_flag

（6）set_ds ： maps to addr on x$kcbwds.

（7）le_addr： can be outer joined on x$le.le_addr.

（8）flag ：is a bit array.

Bit	if set
0	Block is dirty
4	temporary block
9 or 10	ping
14	stale
16	direct
524288 (=0x80000)	Block was read in a full table scan	See this link

2.4 Different pools within the cache

The cache consists actually of three buffer pools for different purposes.

2.4.1 Keep pool

The keep pool's purpose is to take small objects that should always be cached, for example Look Up Tables. See db_keep_cache_size.

2.4.2 Recycle pool

The recycle pool is for larger objects. See db_recycle_cache_size.

2.4.3 Default pool

The default pool is for everything else. See also x$kcbwbpd

2.4.4 x$kcbwbpd

Buffer pool descriptor, the base table for v$buffer_pool.

How is the buffer cache split between the default, the recycle and the keep buffer pool.

2.5 Cold and hot area

Each pool's LRU is divided into a hot area and a cold area. Accordingly, buffers with in the hot area are hot buffers (and buffers in the cold are are called cold buffers).

By default, 50% of the buffers belong to the cold area and the other 50% belong to the hot area. This behaviour can be changed with _db_percent_hot_default (for the default pool) _db_percent_hot_recycle (for the recycle pool) and _db_percent_hot_keep (for the keep pool).

A newly read db block will be inserted between the cold and the hot area such that it belongs to the hot area. This is called midpoint insertion. However, this is only true for single block reads, multi block reads will be placed at the LRU end.

2.6 Flushing the cache

With Oracle 10g it is possible to flush the buffer cache with:

10g:

SQL>alter system flush buffer_cache;

9i had an undocumented command to flush the buffer cache:

SQL>alter session set events = 'immediate trace name flush_cache';

2.7 Optimal Size

Some common wisdom says that the larger the buffer cache is, the better the performance of the database becomes. However, this claim is not always true.

To begin with, the cache needs to be managed. The bigger the cache, the larger the LRU and dirty list becomes. That results in longer search times for a free buffer (buffer busy waits).

Also, the bigger the cache, the greater the burden on the DBWn process.

--DB Cache 不是越大越好，如果DB Cache 过大，会造成大的LRU 列表和 dirty list。 这会会增加list的扫描时间。 同时大的cache 也会增加DBWn 进程的负担

2.8 Buffer Cache 中的管理结构

Buffer Cache是SGA的一部分，Oracle利用Buffer Cache来管理data block，Buffer Cache的最终目的就是尽可能的减少磁盘I/O。

Buffer Cache中主要有3大结构用来管理Buffer Cache：

（1）Hash Bucket 和 Hash Chain List ：Hash Bucket与Hash Chain List用来实现data block的快速定位。

（2）LRU List ：挂载有指向具体的free buffer, pinned buffer以及还没有被移动到 write list的dirty buffer 等信息。所谓的free buffer就是指没有包含任何数据的buffer，所谓的pinned buffer，就是指当前正在被访问的buffer。

（3）Write(Dirty)List ：挂载有指向具体的 dirty block的信息。所谓的dirty block，就是指在 buffer cache中被修改过但是还没有被写入到磁盘的block。

2.8.1 Hash Bucket 和 Hash Chain List

Oracle将buffer cache中所有的buffer通过一个内部的Hash算法运算之后，将这些buffer放到不同的 Hash Bucket中。每一个Hash Bucket中都有一个Hash Chain List，通过这个list，将这个Bucket中的block串联起来。

要查看Hash Chain List组成, 可以通过x$bh字典.

SQL> desc x$bh

Name Null? Type

----------------------- - ----------------

ADDR RAW(8) ---block在buffer cache中的address

...

HLADDR RAW(8) --latch:cache buffers chains 的address

...

NXT_HASH RAW(8) ---指向同一个Hash Chain List的下一个block

PRV_HASH RAW(8) ---指向同一个Hash Chain List的上一个block

NXT_REPL RAW(8)---指向LRU list中的下一个block

PRV_REPL RAW(8)---指向LRU list中的上一个block

.....

Hash Chain List就是由x$bh中的NXT_HASH，PRV_HASH 这2个指针构成了一个双向链表，其示意图如下：

通过NXT_HASH，PRV_HASH这2个指针，那么在同一个Hash Chain List的block就串联起来了。

理解了Hash Bucket 和 Hash Chain List，我们现在来看看Hash Bucket 与 Hash Chain List管理Buffer Cache 的结构示意图

这个图和Shared Pool 有点类似。从图中我们可以看到，一个latch:cache buffers chains(x$bh.hladdr) 可以保护多个Hash Bucket，也就是说，如果我要访问某个block，我首先要获得这个latch，一个Hash Bucket对应一个Hash Chain List，而这个Hash Chain List挂载了一个或者多个Buffer Header。

Hash Bucket的数量受隐含参数_db_block_hash_buckets的影响；

Latch:cache buffers chains的数量受隐含参数_db_block_hash_latches的影响

该隐含参数可以通过如下查询查看：

SYS@anqing2(rac2)> select * from v$version where rownum=1;

BANNER

----------------------------------------------------------------

Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.4.0 - Prod

SYS@anqing2(rac2)> SELECT x.ksppinm NAME, y.ksppstvl VALUE, x.ksppdesc describ

2 FROM x$ksppi x, x$ksppcv y

3 WHERE x.inst_id = USERENV ('Instance')

4 AND y.inst_id = USERENV ('Instance')

5 AND x.indx = y.indx

6 AND x.ksppinm LIKE '%_db_block_hash%'

7 /

NAME VALUE DESCRIB

------------------------- ---------- -------------------------------------------

_db_block_hash_buckets 65536 Number of database block hash buckets

_db_block_hash_latches 2048 Number of database block hash latches

_db_block_hash_buckets 该隐含参数在8i以前等于db_block_buffers/4的下一个素数，到了8i 该参数等于 db_block_buffers*2 ，到了9i 以后,该参数取的是小于且最接近 db_block_buffers*2 的一个素数。

_db_block_hash_latches 该隐含参数表示的是 cache buffers chains latch的数量。

可以用下面查询cache buffers chains latch的数量：

SYS@anqing2(rac2)> select count(*) from v$latch_children a,v$latchname b where a.latch#=b.latch# and b.name='cache buffers chains';

COUNT(*)

----------

2048

也可以用下面查询cache buffers chains latch的数量

SYS@anqing2(rac2)> select count(distinct hladdr) from x$bh ;

COUNT(DISTINCTHLADDR)

---------------------

2048

根据之前查询的结果：

_db_block_hash_buckets(65536)/_db_block_hash_latches (2048) = 32

一个cache buffers chains latch 平均下来要管理32个Hash Bucket，现在找一个latch，来验证一下前面提到的结构图。

SYS@anqing2(rac2)> select * from (select hladdr,count(*) from x$bh group by hladdr) where rownum<=5;

HLADDR COUNT(*)

-------- ----------

2F619B90 9

2F619D0C 12

2F619E88 4

2F61A004 8

2F61A180 4

我们查询latch address 为2F619B90 所保护的data block

SYS@anqing2(rac2)> select hladdr,obj,dbarfil,dbablk, nxt_hash,prv_hash from x$bh where hladdr='2F619B90' order by obj;

HLADDR OBJ DBARFIL DBABLK NXT_HASH PRV_HASH

-------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------- --------

2F619B90 18 1 38576 2F619C84 22BD92F4

2F619B90 122 1 51823 2F619CCC 2F619CCC

2F619B90 122 1 60499 2F619CAC 2F619CAC

2F619B90 181 1 47252 2F619C64 2F619C64

2F619B90 5127 3 31908 2F619C04 2F619C04

2F619B90 54768 1 73280 2F619C0C 2F619C0C

2F619B90 54768 1 256874 2F619C4C 2F619C4C

2F619B90 54769 1 73746 2F619CFC 2F619CFC

2F619B90 54769 1 73513 28BE54B4 2F619C84

9 rows selected.

注意DBA(1, 51823)，它的NXT_HASH与PRV_HASH相同，也就是说DBA(1, 51823)挂载在只包含有1个data block的 Hash Chain上。

我们这里查询出了9条记录，和我们在上面count(*)统计的数据一致，如果我们查出来的比上面少，就说明有缺少的N个block被刷到磁盘上了。

当一个用户进程想要访问Block(1,38576), 那么步骤如下：

（1）对该Block运用Hash算法，得到Hash值。

（2）获得cache buffers chains latch

（3）到相应的Hash Bucket中搜寻相应Buffer Header

（4）如果找到相应的Buffer Header，然后判断该Buffer的状态，看是否需要构造CR Block，或者Buffer处于pin的状态，最后读取。

CR (consistent read) blocks create 说明

http://blog.csdn.net/tianlesoftware/archive/2011/06/07/6529401.aspx

（5）如果找不到，就从磁盘读入到Buffer Cache中。

在Oracle9i以前，如果其它用户进程已经获得了这个latch，那么新的进程就必须等待，直到该用户进程搜索完毕(搜索完毕之后就会释放该latch)。

从Oracle9i开始 cache buffers chains latch可以只读共享，也就是说用户进程A以只读(select)的方式访问Block(1,73746)，这个时候获得了该latch，同时用户进程B也以只读的方式访问Block(1,73513)，那么这个时候由于是只读的访问，用户进程B也可以获得该latch。但是，如果用户进程B要以独占的方式访问Block(1,73513)，那么用户进程B就会等待用户进程A释放该latch，这个时候Oracle就会对用户进程B标记一个latch:cache buffers chains的等待事件。

一般来说，导致latch:cache buffers chains 的原因有如下三种：

1. 不够优化的SQL

大量逻辑读的SQL语句就有可能产生非常严重的latch:cache buffers chains等待，因为每次要访问一个block，就需要获得该latch，由于有大量的逻辑读，那么就增加了latch:cache buffers chains争用的机率。

（1）对于正在运行的SQL语句，产生非常严重的latch:cache buffers chains争用，可以利用下面SQL查看执行计划，并设法优化SQL语句。

SQL>select * from table(dbms_xplan.display_cursor('sql_id',sql_child_number));

（2）如果SQL已经运行完毕，我们就看AWR报表里面的SQL Statistics->SQL ordered by Gets->Gets per Exec，试图优化这些SQL。

2. 热点块争用

（1）下面查询查出Top 5 的争用的latch address

/* Formatted on 2011/6/28 17:28:30 (QP5 v5.163.1008.3004) */

SELECT *

FROM ( SELECT CHILD#,

ADDR,

GETS,

MISSES,

SLEEPS

FROM v$latch_children

WHERE name = 'cache buffers chains' AND misses > 0 AND sleeps > 0

ORDER BY 5 DESC,

1,

2,

3)

WHERE ROWNUM < 6;

（2）然后利用下面查询找出Hot block

/* Formatted on 2011/6/28 17:29:09 (QP5 v5.163.1008.3004) */

SELECT /*+ RULE */

e.owner || '.' || e.segment_name segment_name,

e.extent_id extent#,

x.dbablk - e.block_id + 1 block#,

x.tch, /* sometimes tch=0,we need to see tim */

x.tim,

l.child#

FROM v$latch_children l, x$bh x, dba_extents e

WHERE x.hladdr = '&ADDR'

AND e.file_id = x.file#

AND x.hladdr = l.addr

AND x.dbablk BETWEEN e.block_id AND e.block_id + e.blocks - 1

ORDER BY x.tch DESC;

3. Hash Bucket太少

需要更改_db_block_hash_buckets隐含参数。其实在Oracle9i之后，我们基本上不会遇到这个问题了，除非遇到Bug。所以这个是不推荐的，记住，在对Oracle的隐含参数做修改之前一定要咨询Oracle Support。

2.8.2 LRU List 和 Write List

前面已经提到过了，如果一个用户进程发现某个block不在Buffer Cache中，那么用户进程就会从磁盘上将这个block读入Buffer Cache。

在将block读入到Buffer Cache之前，首先要在LRU list上寻找Free的buffer，在寻找过程中，如果发现了Dirty Buffer就将其移动到 LRU Write List上。

如果Dirty Queue超过了阀值25%(如下面查询所示)，那么DBWn就会将Dirty Buffer写入到磁盘中。

SYS@anqing2(rac2)> select kvittag,kvitval,kvitdsc from x$kvit where kvittag in('kcbldq','kcbfsp');

KVITTAG KVITVAL KVITDSC

---------- ---------- ----------------------------------------------------------

kcbldq 25 large dirty queue if kcbclw reaches this

kcbfsp 40 Max percentage of LRU list foreground can scan for free

根据上面的查询我们还知道，当某个用户进程扫描LRU list超过40%都还没找到Free Buffer，那么这个时候用户进程将停止扫描LRU list，同时通知DBWn将Dirty Buffer写入磁盘，用户进程也将记录一个free buffer wait等待事件。如果我们经常看到free buffer wait等待事件，那么我们就应该考虑加大Buffer Cache了。

从Oracle8i开始，LRU List和Dirty List都增加了辅助List(Aux List)，Oracle将LRU List和LRU Write List统称为Working Set(WS)。每个WS中都包含了几个功能不同的List，每个WS都会有一个Cache Buffers LRU chain Latch的保护(知识来源于DSI405)。如果数据库设置了多个DBWR，数据库会存在多个WS，如果Buffer Cache中启用了多缓存池(default,keep,recycle)时，每个独立的缓冲池都会有自己的WS。那么下面我们来查询一下，以验证上述理论：

SYS@anqing2(rac2)> SELECT x.ksppinm NAME, y.ksppstvl VALUE, x.ksppdesc describ

2 FROM x$ksppi x, x$ksppcv y

3 WHERE x.inst_id = USERENV ('Instance')

4 AND y.inst_id = USERENV ('Instance')

5 AND x.indx = y.indx

6 AND x.ksppinm LIKE '%db_block_lru_latches%'

7 /

NAME VALUE DESCRIB

------------------------ ---------- --------------------------------------------

_db_block_lru_latches 32 number of lru latches

SYS@anqing2(rac2)> show parameter db_writer

NAME TYPE VALUE

------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------

db_writer_processes integer 2

SYS@anqing2(rac2)> show parameter cpu_count

NAME TYPE VALUE

------------------------------------ -------------------- ------------

cpu_count integer 8

我们查到有32个Cache Buffers LRU chain Latch，从Oracle9i开始，_db_block_lru_latches是CPU_COUNT的4倍，如果DB_WITER_PROCESS小于4，置于DB_WITER_PROCESS大于四这个不知道，另外也没见过哪个数据库参数的DB_WITER_PROCESS大于4,

查询一下有多少个Working Set:

SYS@anqing2(rac2)>select count(*) from x$kcbwds;

COUNT(*)

----------

32

我们查询到有32个WS，并不代表数据库就一定使用了这32个WS，有些WS 是数据库预分配的，这样在我们启用Keep pool, recycle pool的时候就不用重启数据库了。

那么我们这里就只是用了4个WS。

SYS@anqing2(rac2)>select count(*) from x$kcbwds where CNUM_REPL>0;

COUNT(*)

----------

4

查看X$KCBWDS基表主要字段：

ADDR RAW(4) --address

INST_ID NUMBER --instance number

SET_ID NUMBER --work set id

DBWR_NUM NUMBER --dbwr编号

BLK_SIZE NUMBER --workset的block size

CKPT_LATCH RAW(4) --checkpoint latch

SET_LATCH RAW(4) --next replacement chain

NXT_REPL RAW(4) --prv replacement chain

PRV_REPL RAW(4) --replacement aux chain

NXT_REPLAX RAW(4)

PRV_REPLAX RAW(4)

CNUM_REPL NUMBER --replacement chian上的block数

ANUM_REPL NUMBER --aux chain上的block 数

COLD_HD RAW(4) --cold head的地址

HBMAX NUMBER --hot端的最大buffer数量

HBUFS NUMBER --hot端的当前buffer数量

NXT_WRITE RAW(4) --lru-w链

PRV_WRITE RAW(4) --lru-w链

NXT_WRITEAX RAW(4) --lru-w aux链

PRV_WRITEAX RAW(4) --lru-w aux链

CNUM_WRITE NUMBER --lru-w的buffer数

ANUM_WRITE NUMBER --lru-w aux的buffer数

NXT_XOBJ RAW(4) --reuse obj链（当truncate，drop等操作时使用）

PRV_XOBJ RAW(4) --reuse obj链

NXT_XOBJAX RAW(4) --reuse obj aux链

NXT_XRNG RAW(4) --reuse range链（tablespace offline等操作的时候使用）

NXT_XRNGAX RAW(4) --reuse range aux链

注意红色字段，正是由于红色字段，以及前面提到过的x$bh中的NXT_REPL，PRV_REPL 字段形成了LRU List 以及LRU Write List。

下图就是LRU List的结构示意图

新增的辅助list（AUX List）作用：

在数据库启动之后，Buffer首先被存放在LRU AUX List上，用户进程搜索Free Buffer就会从LRU AUX List 的末/冷端进行。当这些块被修改后或者是用户进程要构造CR块的时候(要构造CR块也就表明这个块不满足读一致性，是Dirty的)，在LRU AUX List上的Buffer就会被移动到LRU Main List的中间，记住是中间不是头部也不是末尾，那么DBWR来搜索Dirty Buffer就可以从LRU Main List开始(注意：DBWR 来搜索LRU Main List 是由于增量检查点导致的)，DBWR在搜索LRU Main List的时候如果发现冷的可以被重复使用的Buffer，就会将其移动到LRU AUX List上，这样搜索LRU Main List上的Buffer基本都是Dirty Buffer，提高了搜索效率。

DBWR将搜索到的Dirty Buffer移动到LRUW Main List，当需要将这个Dirty Buffer写出的时候，就把这个Dirty Buffer移动到LRUW AUX List，这样，当DBWR要执行写出可以从LRUW AUX List写出，这其实是一个异步的写出机制。(From Metalink: 157868.1)

根据上面的讲解，当用户进程要将Block从磁盘读入到Buffer Cache中需要获得Cache Buffers LRU chain Latch，或者是DBWR扫描LRU Main List的时候要获得Cache Buffers LRU chain Latch。

所以，当我们发现AWR报表上面Cache Buffers LRU chain Latch排名很靠前，那么我们可以采取如下方法：

（1）加大Buffer Cache，过小的Buffer Cache导致大量的磁盘I/O，必然引发Cache Buffers LRU chain Latch竞争。

（2）优化具有大量全表扫描，高磁盘I/O的SQL。如果SQL效率很低，大量的全表扫描，或者扫描没有选择性的索引就会引发这个问题。

（3）使用多缓冲池技术，把Hot Segments Keep起来，Hot Segments的信息可以从AWR 报表中的Segments Statistics中得到。

三. Tuning Oracle's Buffer Cache

From: http://www.dbspecialists.com/files/presentations/buffercache.html

Oracle maintains its own buffer cache inside the system global area (SGA) for each instance. A properly sized buffer cache can usually yield a cache hit ratio over 90%, meaning that nine requests out of ten are satisfied without going to disk.

If a buffer cache is too small, the cache hit ratio will be small and more physical disk I/O will result. If a buffer cache is too big, then parts of the buffer cache will be under-utilized and memory resources will be wasted.

3.1 Checking The Cache Hit Ratio

Oracle maintains statistics of buffer cache hits and misses. The following query will show you the overall buffer cache hit ratio for the entire instance since it was started:

/* Formatted on 2011/6/28 19:18:29 (QP5 v5.163.1008.3004) */

SELECT (P1.VALUE + P2.VALUE - P3.VALUE) / (P1.VALUE + P2.VALUE)

FROM v$sysstat P1, v$sysstat P2, v$sysstat P3

WHERE P1.name = 'db block gets'

AND P2.name = 'consistent gets'

AND P3.name = 'physical reads'

You can also see the buffer cache hit ratio for one specific session since that session started:

/* Formatted on 2011/6/28 19:19:53 (QP5 v5.163.1008.3004) */

SELECT (P1.VALUE + P2.VALUE - P3.VALUE) / (P1.VALUE + P2.VALUE)

FROM v$sesstat P1,

v$statname N1,

v$sesstat P2,

v$statname N2,

v$sesstat P3,

v$statname N3

WHERE N1.name = 'db block gets'

AND P1.statistic# = N1.statistic#

AND P1.sid = <enter SID of session here>

AND N2.name = 'consistent gets'

AND P2.statistic# = N2.statistic#

AND P2.sid = P1.sid

AND N3.name = 'physical reads'

AND P3.statistic# = N3.statistic#

AND P3.sid = P1.sid

You can also measure the buffer cache hit ratio between time X and time Y by collecting statistics at times X and Y and computing the deltas.

3.2 Adjusting The Size Of The Buffer Cache

The db_block_buffers parameter in the parameter file determines the size of the buffer cache for the instance. The size of the buffer cache (in bytes) is equal to the value of the db_block_buffers parameter multiplied by the data block size.

You can change the size of the buffer cache by editing the db_block_buffers parameter in the parameter file and restarting the instance.

3.3 Determining If The Buffer Cache Should Be Enlarged

If you set the db_block_lru_extended_statistics parameter to a positive number in the parameter file for an instance and restart the instance, Oracle will populate a dynamic performance view called v$recent_bucket. This view will contain the same number of rows as the setting of the db_block_lru_extended_statistics parameter. Each row will indicate how many additional buffer cache hits there might have been if the buffer cache were that much bigger.

For example, if you set db_block_lru_extended_statistics to 1000 and restart the instance, you can see how the buffer cache hit ratio would have improved if the buffer cache were one buffer bigger, two buffers bigger, and so on up to 1000 buffers bigger than its current size. Following is a query you can use, along with a sample result:

/* Formatted on 2011/6/28 19:23:11 (QP5 v5.163.1008.3004) */

SELECT 250 * TRUNC (ROWNUM / 250)

+ 1

|| ' to '

|| 250 * (TRUNC (ROWNUM / 250) + 1)

"Interval",

SUM (COUNT) "Buffer Cache Hits"

FROM v$recent_bucket

GROUP BY TRUNC (ROWNUM / 250)

Interval Buffer Cache Hits

--------------- --------------------

1 to 250 16083

251 to 500 11422

501 to 750 683

751 to 1000 177

This result set shows that enlarging the buffer cache by 250 buffers would have resulted in 16,083 more hits. If there were about 30,000 hits in the buffer cache at the time this query was performed, then it would appear that adding 500 buffers to the buffer cache might be worthwhile. Adding more than 500 buffers might lead to under-utilized buffers and therefore wasted memory.

There is overhead involved in collecting extended LRU statistics. Therefore you should set the db_block_lru_extended_ statistics parameter back to zero as soon as your analysis is complete.

In Oracle7, the v$recent_bucket view was named X$KCBRBH. Only the SYS user can query X$KCBRBH. Also note that in X$KCBRBH the columns are called indx and count, instead of rownum and count.

3.4 Determining If The Buffer Cache Is Bigger Than Necessary

If you set the db_block_lru_statistics parameter to true in the parameter file for an instance and restart the instance, Oracle will populate a dynamic performance view called v$current_bucket. This view will contain one row for each buffer in the buffer cache, and each row will indicate how many of the overall cache hits have been attributable to that particular buffer.

By querying v$current_bucket with a GROUP BY clause, you can get an idea of how well the buffer cache would perform if it were smaller. Following is a query you can use, along with a sample result:

SELECT 1000 * TRUNC (rownum / 1000) + 1 || ' to ' ||

1000 * (TRUNC (rownum / 1000) + 1) "Interval",

SUM (count) "Buffer Cache Hits"

FROM v$current_bucket

WHERE rownum > 0

GROUP BY TRUNC (rownum / 1000)

Interval Buffer Cache Hits

------------ -----------------

1 to 1000 668415

1001 to 2000 281760

2001 to 3000 166940

3001 to 4000 14770

4001 to 5000 7030

5001 to 6000 959

This result set shows that the first 3000 buffers are responsible for over 98% of the hits in the buffer cache. This suggests that the buffer cache would be almost as effective if it were half the size; memory is being wasted on an oversized buffer cache.

There is overhead involved in collecting LRU statistics. Therefore you should set the db_block_lru_statistics parameter back to false as soon as your analysis is complete.

In Oracle7, the v$current_bucket view was named X$KCBCBH. Only the SYS user can query X$KCBCBH. Also note that in X$KCBCBH the columns are called indx and count, instead of rownum and count.

3.5 Full Table Scans

When Oracle performs a full table scan of a large table, the blocks are read into the buffer cache but placed at the least recently used end of the LRU list. This causes the blocks to be aged out quickly, and prevents one large full table scan from wiping out the entire buffer cache.

Full table scans of large tables usually result in physical disk reads and a lower buffer cache hit ratio. You can get an idea of full table scan activity at the data file level by querying v$filestat and joining to SYS.dba_data_files. Following is a query you can use and sample results:

/* Formatted on 2011/6/28 19:27:26 (QP5 v5.163.1008.3004) */

SELECT A.file_name, B.phyrds, B.phyblkrd

FROM SYS.dba_data_files A, v$filestat B

WHERE B.file# = A.file_id

ORDER BY A.file_id

FILE_NAME PHYRDS PHYBLKRD

-------------------------------- ---------- ----------

/u01/oradata/PROD/system01.dbf 92832 130721

/u02/oradata/PROD/temp01.dbf 1136 7825

/u01/oradata/PROD/tools01.dbf 7994 8002

/u01/oradata/PROD/users01.dbf 214 214

/u03/oradata/PROD/rbs01.dbf 20518 20518

/u04/oradata/PROD/data01.dbf 593336 9441037

/u05/oradata/PROD/data02.dbf 4638037 4703454

/u06/oradata/PROD/index01.dbf 1007638 1007638

/u07/oradata/PROD/index02.dbf 1408270 1408270

PHYRDS shows the number of reads from the data file since the instance was started.

PHYBLKRD shows the actual number of data blocks read. Usually blocks are requested one at a time. However, Oracle requests blocks in batches when performing full table scans. (The db_file_multiblock_read_count parameter controls this batch size.)

In the sample result set above, there appears to be quite a bit of full table scan activity in the data01.dbf data file, since 593,336 read requests have resulted in 9,441,037 actual blocks read.

3.6 Spotting I/O Intensive SQL Statements

The v$sqlarea dynamic performance view contains one row for each SQL statement currently in the shared SQL area of the SGA for the instance. v$sqlarea shows the first 1000 bytes of each SQL statement, along with various statistics. Following is a query you can use:

/* Formatted on 2011/6/28 19:31:34 (QP5 v5.163.1008.3004) */

SELECT executions,

buffer_gets,

disk_reads,

first_load_time,

sql_text

FROM v$sqlarea

ORDER BY disk_reads

EXECUTIONS indicates the number of times the SQL statement has been executed since it entered the shared SQL area.

BUFFER_GETS indicates the collective number of logical reads issued by all executions of the statement.

DISK_READS shows the collective number of physical reads issued by all executions of the statement. (A logical read is a read that resulted in a cache hit or a physical disk read. A physical read is a read that resulted in a physical disk read.)

You can review the results of this query to find SQL statements that perform lots of reads, both logical and physical. Consider how many times a SQL statement has been executed when evaluating the number of reads.

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